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Shock

  1. Abou-Khalil B, Scalea TM, Trooskin SZ, et al. Hemodynamic responses to shock in young trauma patients: need for invasive monitoring. Crit Care Med 1994;22(4):633–639.

  2. Alam HB, Rhee P. New developments in fluid resuscitation. Surg Clin North Am 2007;87(1): 55–72.

  3. Asensio JA, Murray J, Demetriades D, et al. Penetrating cardiac injuries: a prospective study of variables predicting outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186(1):24–34.

  4. Baumann Kreuziger LM, Keenan JC, Morton CT, et al. Management of the bleeding patient receiving new oral anticoagulants: a role for prothrombin complex concentrates. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:583794.

  5. Bickell WH, Wall MJ, Pepe PE, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994;331(17):1105–1109.

  6. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma 2008;64(5):1211–1217.

  7. Bruns B, Lindsey M, Rowe K, et al. Hemoglobin drops within minutes of injuries and predicts need for an intervention to stop hemorrhage. J Trauma 2007Aug;63(2):312–315.

  8. Bunn F, Roberts I, Tasker R, et al. Hypertonic versus near isotonic crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD002045.

  9. Burris D, Rhee P, Kaufmann C, et al. Controlled resuscitation for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 1999;46(2):216–223.

  10. Carrico CJ, Canizaro PC, Shires GT. Fluid resuscitation following injury: rationale for the use of balanced salt solutions. Crit Care Med 1976;4(2):46–54.

  11. Chernow B, Rainey TG, Lake CR. Endogenous and exogenous catecholamines in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 1982;10:409.

  12. Cogbill TH, Blintz M, Johnson JA, et al. Acute gastric dilatation after trauma. J Trauma 1987;27(10):1113–1117.

  13. Cook RE, Keating JF, Gillespie I. The role of angiography in the management of haemorrhage from major fractures of the pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84(2):178–182.

  14. Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, et al. Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:492.

  15. Cotton BA, Au BK, Nunez TC, et al. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. J Trauma 2009;66:41–49.

  16. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Au BK, et al. Room for (performance) improvement: provider-related factors associated with poor outcomes in massive transfusion. J Trauma 2009;67(5):1004–1012. 

  17. Davis JW, Kaups KL, Parks SN. Base deficit is superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock. J Trauma 1998 Jan;44(1):114–118.

  18. Davis JW, Parks SN, Kaups KL, et al. Admission base deficit predicts transfusion requirements and risk of complications. J Trauma 1997Mar; 42(3):571–573.

  19. Dent D, Alsabrook G, Erickson BA, et al. Blunt splenic injuries: high nonoperative management rate can be achieved with selective embolization. J Trauma 2004;56(5):1063–1067.

  20. Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM. Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma 2002;52(6):1141–1146.

  21. Eastridge BJ, Salinas J, McManus JG, et al. Hypotension begins at 110 mm Hg: redefining “hypo-tension” with data. J Trauma 2007Aug;63(2):291–299.

  22. Fangio P, Asehnoune K, Edouard A, et al. Early embolization and vasopressor administration for management of life-threatening hemorrhage from pelvic fracture. J Trauma 2005;58(5):978– 984; discussion 984.

  23. Ferrara A, MacArthur JD, Wright HK, et al. Hypothermia and acidosis worsen coagulopathy in patients requiring massive transfusion. Am J Surg 1990;160(5):515.

  24. Glover JL, Broadie TA. Intraoperative auto- transfusion. World J Surg 1987;11(1):60–64.

  25. Granger DN. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Heart Circ Physiol 1988;255(6):H1269–H1275.

  26. Greaves I, Porter KM, Revell MP. Fluid resuscitation in pre-hospital trauma care: a con- sensus view. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2002;47(2): 451–457.

  27. Hak DJ. The role of pelvic angiography in evaluation and management of pelvic trauma. Orthop Clin North Am 2004;35(4):439–443, v.

  28. Hampton DA, Fabricant LJ, Differding J, et al. Prehospital intravenous fluid is associated with increased survival in trauma patients. J Trauma 2013;75(1):S9.

  29. Harrigan C, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, et al. Serial changes in primary hemostasis after massive transfusion. Surgery 1985;98(4):836–844.

  30. Hoffman M, Monroe DM. Reversing targeted oral anticoagulants. ASH Education Book 2014;1:518–523. 

  31. Holcomb JB, del Junco DJ, Fox EE, et al. The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg 2013;148(2):127–136.

  32. Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 2008Sep;248(3):447–458.

  33. Hoyt DB. Fluid resuscitation: the target from an analysis of trauma systems and patient survival. J Trauma 2003;54(5):S31–S35.

  34. Jurkovich GJ, Greiser WB, Luterman A, et al. Hypothermia in trauma victims: an ominous predictor of survival. J Trauma 1987;Sep 1;27(9):1019–1024.

  35. Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Initial pH, base deficit, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference, and strong ion gap predict outcome from major vascular injury. Crit Care Med 2004;32(5):1120–1124.

  36. Karmy-Jones R, Nathens A, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Urgent and emergent thoracotomy for penetrating chest trauma. J Trauma 2004;56(3):664–668; discussion 668–669.

  37. Knudson MM, Maull KI. Nonoperative manage- ment of solid organ injuries: past, present, and future. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79(6):1357–1371.

  38. Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG, et al. Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 2009Jan;249 (1):1–7.

  39. Kruse JA, Vyskocil JJ, Haupt MT. Intraosseous: a flexible option for the adult or child with delayed, difficult, or impossible conventional vascular access. Crit Care Med 2015Jun;22(50):728–729.

  40. Lai A, Davidson N, Galloway SW, et al. Perio- perative management of patients on new oral anticoagulants. Br J Surg 2014Jun;101 (7): 742–749.

  41. Lee PM, Lee C, Rattner P, et al. Intraosseous versus central venous catheter utilization and perfor- mance during inpatient medical emergencies. Crit Care Med 2015Jun;43(6):1233–1238.

  42. Lewis P, Wright C. Saving the critically injured trauma patient: a retrospective analysis of 1000 uses of intraosseous access. Emerg Med J 2015Jun;32(6):463–467.

  43. Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Cardiovascular and renal response to hemorrhagic and septic shock. In: Clowes GHA Jr, ed. Trauma, Sepsis and Shock: The Physiological Basis of Therapy. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1988:187–215.

  44. Mandal AK, Sanusi M. Penetrating chest wounds: 24 years’ experience. World J Surg 2001;25(9):1145–1149.

  45. Martin MJ, Fitz Sullivan E, Salim A, et al. Discordance between lactate and base deficit in the surgical intensive care unit: which one do you trust? Am J Surg 2006;191(5):625–630.

  46. McManus J, Yershov AL, Ludwig D, et al. Radial pulse character relationships to systolic blood pressure and trauma outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005;9(4):423–428.

  47. Mizushima Y, Tohira H, Mizobata Y, et al. Fluid resuscitation of trauma patients: how fast is the optimal rate? Am J Emerg Med 2005;23(7): 833–837. 

  48. Novak L, Shackford SR, Bourguignon P, et al. Comparison of standard and alternative prehospital resuscitation in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock and head injury. J Trauma 1999;47(5):834–844.

  49. Nunez TC, Young PP, Holcomb JB, et al. Creation, implementation, and maturation of a massive transfusion protocol for the exsanguinating trauma patient. J Trauma 2010Jun;68(6):1498–1505. 

  50. Peck KR, Altieri M. Intraosseous infusions: an old technique with modern applications. Pediatr Nurs 1988;14(4):296.

  51. Revell M, Greaves I, Porter K. Endpoints for fluid resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2003;54(5):S63–S67.

  52. Riskin DJ, Tsai TC, Riskin L, et al. Massive transfusion protocols: the role of aggressive resuscitation versus product ratio in mortality reduction. J Am Coll Surg 2009;209(2):198–205.

  53. Roback JD, Caldwell S, Carson J, et al. Evidence- based practice guidelines for plasma transfusion. Transfusion 2010 Jun;50(6):1227–1239. 

  54. Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med 1992;20(10):1402–1405.

  55. Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, et al. “Damage control”: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma 1993;35(3):375–382.

  56. Sarnoff SJ. Myocardial contractility as described by ventricular function curves: observations on Starling’s law of the heart. Physiol Rev 1955;35(1):107–122.

  57. Scalea TM, Hartnett RW, Duncan AO, et al. Central venous oxygen saturation: a useful clinical tool in trauma patients. J Trauma 1990;30(12): 1539–1543.

  58. Shrestha B, Holcomb JB, Camp EA, et al. Damage- control resuscitation increases successful nonoperative management rates and survival after severe blunt liver injury. J Trauma 2015;78(2):336–341.

  59. Snyder D, Tsou A, Schoelles K. Efficacy of prehospital application of tourniquets and hemostatic dressings to control traumatic external hemorrhage. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2014, 145.


  60. Thourani VH, Feliciano DV, Cooper WA, et al. Penetrating cardiac trauma at an urban trauma center: a 22-year perspective. Am Surg 1999;65(9):811–816.

  61. Tyburski JG, Astra L, Wilson RF, et al. Factors affecting prognosis with penetrating wounds of the heart. J Trauma 2000;48(4):587–590; discussion 590–591.

  62. Williams JF, Seneff MG, Friedman BC, et al. Use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults: prospective study. Crit Care Med 1991;19:550–553.

  63. York J, Arrilaga A, Graham R, et al. Fluid resuscitation of patients with multiple injuries and severe closed head injury: experience with an aggressive fluid resuscitation strategy. J Trauma 2000;48(3):376–379.


  64. Mutschler A, Nienaber U, Brockamp T, et al. A critical reappraisal of the ATLS classification of hypovolaemic shock: does it really reflect clinical reality? Resuscitation 2013,84:309–313.

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